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KMID : 0377619620020010057
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Korean Jungang Medical Journal
1962 Volume.2 No. 1 p.57 ~ p.63
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The effect of the hydraulic and high atmospheric pressures on the blood elements and their accelerating action on the blood coagulation
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Abstract
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Ordinarily not much attention is paid to atmospheric condition or underwater environment where we live in or dive.
Since the world war II, owing to development of military medicine in general, aviation medicine has achieved rapid and brilliant advancement, however, submarine medicine is still in slow pace.
In this study the author´s attention has been directed to the following three aspects in human and experimental animals exposed to hydraulic and high atmospheric conditions (H. D. P & H. A. P).
First, the effect of H.D.P and H.A.P in human subjects on blood elements and their accelerating action on blood coagulation ; second, confirmation of the above results through experimental studies in dogs and rabbits ; and third, histological study on the adrenal cortex after H. A. P in rabbits and dogs.
Human cases consist of 10 U. D. T divers with single diving, 5 divers in dry recompression chamber and 4 caisson divers with repeated diving for three consecutive days, from which the following results were obtained:
J . U. D. T group (66 feet, 35minutes, single diving)
Dry chamber group (30 P. S. I. 50 minutes single exposure)
a) Erythrocyte count showed slight increase following the diving. Leucocyte count showed marked increase following the diving. However, differential counts of lymphocyte and eosinophiles were decreased in percentage, but neutrophiles showed marked increase in percentage after diving.
b) Hemoglobin and hematocrit ´ were increased slightly following the diving.
c) Blood clotting time was shortened and serum total cholesterol level was risen in parallel with acceleration of blood coagulation.
d) 17-ketosteroid in urine for 24 hours increased following the diving but. not so remarkably.
1. Caisson group (Repeated diving)
(66 feet 50 minutes, three consecutive days)
a) Erythrocytes responded with increase in number at each diving, without special tendency created by repeated diving. Leucocyte count increased after each diving, without showing any specific tendency.
Neutrophiles showed increase in percentage at each diving, but lymphocytes shoved decrease.
b) Blood clotting time was shortened at each repeated diving, and serum total
cholesterol level also elevated` at each diving.
Following experimental studies were arranged to, clarify if the change of blood constituents and clotting time after H.. D. P & H. A. P exposures in human also ,could be induced in animals, and if so, whether the accelerating mechanism involved in blood coagulation would be identical with that involved in those of which was induced by salts or coagulation studied by other worker in our laboratory.
The author, therefore, has made the investigation in dogs and rabbits given exposure to H.A.P, on blood coagulation time, blood total cholesterol level and histologic changes in the adrenal cortex in order to search whether there would -be any interrelation between the findings of each and those of others and the mechanism involved in the process.
The following results were obtained:
1) Increase in number of neutrophiles and decrease of lymphocytes in H.A.P were demonstrated in the experimental dogs and rabbits as in man.
2) Surgical removal of adrenal glands before H. A. P exposure inhibited the acceleration of blood coagulation which could occur otherwise. Serum total cholesterol level showed no change when adrenal glands were removed prior to H. A. P exposure.
3) Change in blood cell counts and coagulation time in the experimental rabbits given repeated application of H. A. P exposure showed decreasing respondency in each of successive treatments.
4) H-E stain, "Sudan- I Hydrosol" stain, Baker test and Schultz test were done for the histologic study of the adrenal cortex after exposing experimental dogs and rabbits to H. A. P, dogs in single exposure under various atmospheric pressure for limited periods of time and rabbits for 6 consecutive days. In dogs there were seen marked depletion of lipids accompanied by the extensive, vacuolization in the cytoplasm,´ pyknosis, karyolysis to the nucleus in discrete area. Rabbits also showed all the above changes like in dogs, however, in addition, they showed continuous increase of the above change day by day, and also marked depletion of lipids and vacuolization were seen not only in zona fasciculata but in zona reticularis. Recovery was seen to occur after five days exposure, and in 6 days group, almost normal recovery was observed, but the new cell cords appearing from the zona glomerulosa and even to the inner layer of zona fasciculata were also seen.
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